logo

GC/MS Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Steam-Distilled Solanecio mannii Essential Oil and Hydrosol Against Multidrug-Resistant Food Pathogens

Authors

  • Denis Kiragu

    Chemistry Department, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria; Center for Food Technology and Research, Makurdi, Nigeria and Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers, Hof University of Applied Sciences, Hof, Germany

  • Raymond L. Tyohemba

    Chemistry Department, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria and Center for Food Technology and Research, Makurdi, Nigeria

  • Ogbene G. Igbum

    Chemistry Department, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria and Center for Food Technology and Research, Makurdi, Nigeria

  • Michael Nase

    Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers, Hof University of Applied Sciences, Hof, Germany

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2025.15.05

Keywords:

Hydrosol, Clean-label, Essential oil, Food pathogens, Solanecio mannii, Antimicrobial packaging

Abstract

Solanecio mannii is a fast-growing woody shrub of up to 10 m in height of the Asteraceae family. This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents of steam-distilled oil and hydrosol of Solanecio mannii leaves and determine their activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Steam distillation extraction followed by GC/MS analysis was employed to characterize the chemical composition, while the antimicrobial effectiveness was assed using disc diffusion method at 10 µL sample volumes. GC/MS analysis revealed 52 compounds in the essential oil predominantly monoterpenes (48%) and sesquiterpenes (38.5%), and 28 compounds in the hydrosol, consisting mainly of fatty acid methyl esters (28.57%) and other heteroatomic compounds (67.86%). The essential oils demonstrated significant activity against both E. coli (12 mm) and S. aureus (10 mm) for the oil and 10 mm and 8 mm for the hydrosol respectively. The findings emphasize the potential of S. mannii essential oil and hydrosol as clean label agents for food industry applications, particularly in active packaging systems.

References

Santiesteban-López NA, Gómez-Salazar JA, Santos EM, Campagnol PCB, Teixeira A, Lorenzo JM, et al. Natural Antimicrobials: A Clean Label Strategy to Improve the Shelf Life and Safety of Reformulated Meat Products. Foods 2022; 11: 2613.

Fadiji T, Rashvand M, Daramola MO, Iwarere SA. A Review on Antimicrobial Packaging for Extending the Shelf Life of Food. Processes 2023; 11: 590.

Schumann B, Schmid M. Packaging concepts for fresh and processed meat - Recent progresses. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2018; 47: 88-100.

Ahmed SK, Hussein S, Qurbani K, Ibrahim RH, Fareeq A, Mahmood KA, et al. Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects. J Med Surg Public Health 2024; 2: 100081.

WHO WHO. WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance, to Guide Research, Development, and Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance. 1st ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.

Silva-Santana G. Staphylococcus aureus: Dynamics of pathogenicity and antimicrobial-resistance in hospital and community environments - Comprehensive overview. Res Microbiol 2025: 104267.

Liang J, Zhang Y, Chi P, Liu H, Jing Z, Cao H, et al. Essential oils: Chemical constituents, potential neuropharmacological effects and aromatherapy - A review. Pharmacol Res - Mod Chin Med 2023; 6: 100210.

Elian C, Andaloussi SA, Moilleron R, Decousser J-W, Boyer C, Versace D-L. Biobased polymer resources and essential oils: a green combination for antibacterial applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10: 9081-124.

Tariq S, Wani S, Rasool W, Shafi K, Bhat MA, Prabhakar A, et al. A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2019; 134: 103580.

Dhifi W, Bellili S, Jazi S, Bahloul N, Mnif W. Essential Oils’ Chemical Characterization and Investigation of Some Biological Activities: A Critical Review. Medicines 2016; 3: 25.

Hammoudi Halat D, Krayem M, Khaled S, Younes S. A Focused Insight into Thyme: Biological, Chemical, and Therapeutic Properties of an Indigenous Mediterranean Herb. Nutrients 2022; 14: 2104.

Saad NY, Muller CD, Lobstein A. Major bioactivities and mechanism of action of essential oils and their components. Flavour Fragr J 2013; 28: 269-79.

Böhme K, Barros-Velázquez J, Calo-Mata P, Aubourg SP. Antibacterial, Antiviral and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils: Mechanisms and Applications. In: Villa TG, Veiga-Crespo P, editors. Antimicrob. Compd. Curr. Strateg. New Altern., Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014, p. 51-81.

Ishak A, Mazonakis N, Spernovasilis N, Akinosoglou K, Tsioutis C. Bactericidal versus bacteriostatic antibacterials: clinical significance, differences and synergistic potential in clinical practice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 80: 1-17.

Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, De Martino L, Coppola R, De Feo V. Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals 2013; 6: 1451-74.

Kachur K, Suntres Z. The antibacterial properties of phenolic isomers, carvacrol and thymol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60: 3042-53.

D’Amato S, Serio A, López CC, Paparella A. Hydrosols: Biological activity and potential as antimicrobials for food applications. Food Control 2018; 86: 126-37.

Estela B, Analía CL. Extraction, Characterization, and Encapsulation of Cinnamon Hydrosol Obtained via Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation: Analysis of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. Bioactivities 2024; 2: 107-19.

ALtememmi NJ, ALjudy NJ, ALzubaid LA. Chemical analysis of volatile oils in Eucalyptus species by GC mass. Ibn AL-Haitham J Pure Appl Sci 2025; 38: 84-98.

Labadie C, Ginies C, Guinebretiere M-H, Renard CMGC, Cerutti C, Carlin F. Hydrosols of orange blossom (Citrus aurantium), and rose flower (Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia) support the growth of a heterogeneous spoilage microbiota. Food Res Int 2015; 76: 576-86.

Almeida HHS, Fernandes IP, Amaral JS, Rodrigues AE, Barreiro M-F. Unlocking the Potential of Hydrosols: Transforming Essential Oil Byproducts into Valuable Resources. Molecules 2024; 29: 4660.

Sharma S, Barkauskaite S, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Essential oils as additives in active food packaging. Food Chem 2021; 343: 128403.

Guo M, Zhang X, Jin TZ. Active Food Packaging. In: Smithers GW, editor. Encycl. Food Saf. Second Ed., Oxford: Academic Press; 2024, p. 673-88.

Wyrwa J, Barska A. Innovations in the food packaging market: active packaging. Eur Food Res Technol 2017; 243: 1681-92.

Cicuzza D, Stäheli D sombra, Nyffeler R, Eggli U. Morphology and Anatomy Support a Reclassification of the African Succulent Taxa of Senecio S.L. (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). Haseltonia 2018; 2017: 11-26.

Bello O, Ayanda O, Aworunse O, Olukanmi B, Soladoye M, Esan E, et al. Solanecio biafrae: An underutilized nutraceutically-important african indigenous vegetable. Pharmacogn Rev 2018; 12: 128.

Stangeland T, Alele PE, Katuura E, Lye KA. Plants used to treat malaria in Nyakayojo sub-county, western Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 137: 154-66.

Meunier Q, Morin A, Bellefontaine R. Growth and rooting of Solanecio mannii: Comparison of seedlings and air layers on a 24-month trial in East Africa. J Agric Environ Int Dev 2016.

Muganga R, Angenot L, Tits M, Frédérich M. Antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of Rwandan medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128: 52-7.

Umereweneza D, Atilaw Y, Peintner S, Rudenko A, Bourgard C, Xiong R, et al. Macrocyclic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Silphiperfolanol Angelate Esters from Solanecio mannii. Eur J Org Chem 2023; 26: e202201280.

Brah AS, Obuah C, Adokoh CK. Innovations and modifications of current extraction methods and techniques of citrus essential oils: a review. Discov Appl Sci 2024; 6: 460.

Parastar H, Weller P. Feature selection and extraction strategies for non-targeted analysis using GC-MS and GC-IMS: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2025: 343635.

Mwangi JW, Kiragu D, Chaka B. Phytochemical screening, FTIR and GCMS analysis of Cucurbita pepo seeds cultivated in Kiambu county, Kenya. Heliyon 2024; 10.

Quimby BD. Gas and the Agilent HydroInert Source 2024.

Din S, Fazal M, Ishtiaque A, Ullah A. Antimicrobial activity of lantana camara against pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens and staphylococcus aureus to develop ointment based therapy. Bull Biol Allied Sci Res 2023; 2023: 33-33.

Poudel DK, Rokaya A, Ojha PK, Timsina S, Satyal R, Dosoky NS, et al. The Chemical Profiling of Essential Oils from Different Tissues of Cinnamomum camphora L. and Their Antimicrobial Activities. Molecules 2021; 26: 5132.

Fatt LC, Rahman NWA, Aziz MAA, Isa KM. Identification of the Chemical Constituents of Curcuma caesia (Black Turmeric) Hydrosol Extracted by Hydro-distillation Method. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2021; 765: 012025.

Tuei BR, Sirmah PK, Njagi P. Repellence of Volatiles and Extracts of Solanecio manii To Subterranean Termites, Macrotermes natalensis in Laboratory Test. East Afr J Agric Biotechnol 2019; 1: 47-57.

Njuguna MJ. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Hydrodistilled Essentials Oils from Solanecio manii. Int J Pure Appl Chem 2022; 1: 11-7.

Shen X, Chen W, Zheng Y, Lei X, Tang M, Wang H, et al. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydrosols from different parts of Areca catechu L. and Cocos nucifera L. Ind Crops Prod 2017; 96: 110-9.

Benoudjit F, Hamoudi I, Aboulouz A. Extraction and characterization of Essential Oil and Hydrolate obtained from an Algerian Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Algerian J Environ Sci Technol 2022; 8.

Jubeh B, Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Resistance of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Overcoming Approaches. Molecules 2020; 25: 2888.

Mbosso EJT, Ngouela S, Nguedia JCA, Beng VP, Rohmer M, Tsamo E. In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts and compounds of some selected medicinal plants from Cameroon. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128: 476-81.

Sachivko TV, Akhramovich TI, Kovalenko NA, Supichenko GN, Bosak VN, Leont’ev VN. Antimicrobial Properties of the Essential Oils of New Varieties of Origanum Vulgare L. Russ J Bioorganic Chem 2024; 50: 2859-65.

Guimarães AC, Meireles LM, Lemos MF, Guimarães MCC, Endringer DC, Fronza M, et al. Antibacterial Activity of Terpenes and Terpenoids Present in Essential Oils. Molecules 2019; 24: 2471.

Chan W-K, Tan LT-H, Chan K-G, Lee L-H, Goh B-H. Nerolidol: A Sesquiterpene Alcohol with Multi-Faceted Pharmacological and Biological Activities. Molecules 2016; 21: 529.

de Moura DF, Rocha TA, de Melo Barros D, da Silva MM, dos Santos Santana M, Neta BM, et al. Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity of the sesquiterpene nerolidol. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203: 4303-11.

Wyres KL, Holt KE. Klebsiella pneumoniae Population Genomics and Antimicrobial-Resistant Clones. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24: 944-56.

Molla Yitayeh M, Monie Wassihun A. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Stem Bark Essential Oil and Extracts of Solanecio gigas. Biochem Res Int 2022; 2022: 4900917.

Noroozi Pesyan N, Rashidnejad H. Decades of synthesis and application of spiro cyclopropanes. J Iran Chem Soc 2017; 14: 1365-467.

Gyrdymova YV, Rubtsova SA. Caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide: a variety of chemical transformations and biological activities. Chem Pap 2022; 76: 1-39.

Moo C-L, Yang S-K, Osman M-A, Yuswan MH, Loh J-Y, Lim W-M, et al. Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of β-caryophyllene on Bacillus cereus. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69: 49-54.

Hussain Y, Alam W, Ullah H, Dacrema M, Daglia M, Khan H, et al. Antimicrobial Potential of Curcumin: Therapeutic Potential and Challenges to Clinical Applications. Antibiotics 2022; 11: 322.

Zhu J, Lower-Nedza AD, Hong M, Jiec S, Wang Z, Yingmao D, et al. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Three Essential Oils from Curcuma wenyujin. Nat Prod Commun 2013; 8: 1934578X1300800430.

Khrimian A, Cossé AA, Crook DJ. Absolute Configuration of 7-epi-Sesquithujene. J Nat Prod 2011; 74: 1414-20.

Rubegeta E, Ahmad A, Kamatou GPP, Sandasi M, Sommerlatte H, Viljoen AM. Headspace analysis, antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing activities of seven selected African Commiphora species. South Afr J Bot 2019; 122: 522-8.

Ohiri RC, Wopara I, Akpotayire SI. Quantitative determination of nutraceuticals in matured unriped fruits of three edible Musa Species using GC-MS. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2023; 12: 119-27.

Karpagapandi L, Sultana B. Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant activity of Zingiber officinale rhizome 2021: 40-6.

Ongtanasup T, Prommee N, Jampa O, Limcharoen T, Wanmasae S, Nissapatorn V, et al. The Cholesterol-Modulating Effect of the New Herbal Medicinal Recipe from Yellow Vine (Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.)), Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.), and Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on Suppressing PCSK9 Expression to Upregulate LDLR Expression in HepG2 Cells. Plants 2022; 11: 1835.

Teles AM, Santos BA dos, Ferreira CG, Mouchreck AN, Calabrese K da S, Abreu-Silva AL, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Antimicrobial Potential: A Review. Ginger Cultiv. Its Antimicrob. Pharmacol. Potentials, IntechOpen; 2019.

Törnük F, Dertli E. Decontamination of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Staphylococcus aureus from Fresh-Cut Parsley with Natural Plant Hydrosols. J Food Process Preserv 2015; 39: 1587-94.

Thangaleela S, Sivamaruthi BS, Kesika P, Tiyajamorn T, Bharathi M, Chaiyasut C. A Narrative Review on the Bioactivity and Health Benefits of Alpha-Phellandrene. Sci Pharm 2022; 90: 57.

Abeysinghe AMAK, Ho TC, Surendhiran D, Roy VC, Park J-S, Han J-M, et al. Oil extraction and methyl esterification of fatty acids obtained from skipjack tuna by-products: antimicrobial property and preservative capability on pork sausage. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 2024.

Agoramoorthy G, Chandrasekaran M, Venkatesalu V, Hsu MJ. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of fatty acid methyl esters of the blind-your-eye mangrove from India. Braz J Microbiol 2007; 38: 739-42.

MubarakAli D, Praveenkumar R, Shenbagavalli T, Nivetha TM, Ahamed AP, Al-Dhabi NA, et al. New reports on anti-bacterial and anti-candidal activities of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from Scenedesmus bijugatus var. bicellularis biomass. RSC Adv 2012; 2: 11552-6.

Afolabi EO, Galaya S. Comparison of antimicrobial activity of six 5-amino tetrazole Schiff bases with their corresponding oxazepine derivatives. J Pharm Bioresour 2013; 10: 52-6.

Mekheimer RA, Abuo-Rahma GE-DA, Abd-Elmonem M, Yahia R, Hisham M, Hayallah AM, et al. New s-Triazine/Tetrazole conjugates as potent antifungal and antibacterial agents: Design, molecular docking and mechanistic study. J Mol Struct 2022; 1267: 133615.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-04

Issue

Vol. 15 (2025)

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

GC/MS Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Steam-Distilled Solanecio mannii Essential Oil and Hydrosol Against Multidrug-Resistant Food Pathogens. (2025). Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences , 15, 40-51. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2025.15.05

Similar Articles

1-10 of 142

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.