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Chemometrics Analysis Combined with GC-MS and NMR Spectroscopy Analysis of Fatty Acids as a Means of Discriminating Butterfat Adulteration

Authors

  • Nurrulhidayah Ahmad Fadzillah

    Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia

  • Abdul Rohman

    Gadjah Mada University, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia

  • Amin Ismail

    Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

  • Yanty Noorziana Abdul Manaf

    Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

  • Arieff Salleh Rosman

    University Technology Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia

  • Alfi Khatib

    Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia

  • Norazian Mohd. Hassan

    Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia

  • Rashidi Othman

    Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2019.09.02.5

Keywords:

Fatty acid, triglycerides, nutrition, adulteration, butter, lard, chemometrics.

Abstract

The adulteration of butter has become a major problem in food industries. Butter has the similar characteristic to lard which makes lard a desirable adulterant in butter due to economic advantages. Therefore, the method of detection to analyse the adulteration practice must be developed. This study used NMR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for the authentication of butter from lard. The presence of lard as an adulterant in butter has been analysed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with the aid of chemometric of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA). PC1 described 82% of the variation while PC2 accounted for 15% of the variation resulted in a model that described 80% of the total variance in the data. With 82% of the peak variation along the first PC, it was clear that all seventeen samples of butter in the market and pure lard sample were formed according to their own group and showed two well-defined and well-separated group. DA model classified 100% of all samples accurately according to its group (butter and butter adulterated with animal fats), meaning that no samples were misclassified into the wrong group. Lard was successfully determined at 2.63 ppm. In this study, NMR and PCA analysis has successfully discriminated between the market sample and lard and the results established that there is no lard being adulterated in all commercial butter samples. This could be a potential identification approach to determine if the product has been deceived in market.

References

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Published

2019-04-05

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 2 (2019)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2019 Nurrulhidayah Ahmad Fadzillah , Abdul Rohman , Amin Ismail , Yanty Noorziana Abdul Manaf , Arieff Salleh Rosman , Alfi Khatib , Norazian Mohd. Hassan , Rashidi Othman

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Chemometrics Analysis Combined with GC-MS and NMR Spectroscopy Analysis of Fatty Acids as a Means of Discriminating Butterfat Adulteration . (2019). Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences , 9(2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2019.09.02.5

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